LEAD 101
Morgan Wu
Discovery Of Lead
One of the earliest metals discovered, lead was brought to our attention in 7000 B.C in the Middle East . Other early signs of use date back to 3000 B.C by the Ancient Romans. It was found in their water pipes, sweeteners, plates, lining baths, etc. The Ancient Romans had found a way to smelt the metal into an ore for usage as it was very maellable. It was found to be dangerous in the late 19th century.
BASIC FACTS
MetalSolid at room temperature (natural state)Poor conductor of electricityMelting point 327.5 °C Boiling point 1,744 °C Crystal shape is cubicCarbon Group/Family because of its four electrons in it's valence shell and because of its density (going down). Carbon group contains carbon, silicon, geranium, lead, flerovium and tinLocated on fourteenth column (P block)Bohr Rutherford diagram contains four electrons in valence shell (6 orbits). # of protons: 82
# of electrons: 82
# of neutrons 125
WHERE
Found through ores that contain amounts of lead such as galena, anglesite, cerussite and minumMust be roasted through hot air to obtain lead at its powder state, then heated into molten lead and placed into lead molds0.0013% of Earth's crustCan be found by itself in its natural state but it is very rareCan be obtained through recycling
PROPERTIES AND USES
PHYSICAL
In pure state, it has a bluish white colourMalleable (can bend easily)DenseLustrous (metal, shiny)
CHEMICAL
When reacting with water, it will rust and corrode. It dissolves slowly and also poisons the waterIt will also tarnish into the dull, gray metal when exposed to airIt does not react with heatVery toxic and radioactive (can harm humans if inhaled or touched
DENSITY
Pure lead, at room temperature has a density of:
11.342 g / cm^3
If we had about 25 mL of lead, it's density would be:
D = M/V
11.342 = M/25
M= 283.55 g
COMPOUNDS
PbO
Lead MonoxideUsed in paint pigments made of lead
Pb₃(PO₂)₄
Lead PhosphateFound in water pipes made of leadMade through corrosion of lead pipes
PbO₂
Lead dioxideDark brown solidInsolubleMade for production of matchesDyeing tools
(Covalent bond on next slide)
USES
CARS
Lead acid batteries are used in cars because of how much voltage it produces by mixing lead metal plates with a 65% water and 35% acid solution (images below)
STORAGE OF SULFURIC ACID
Used to store acids and liquids such as sulfuric acid. because of its high density, it is able to contain the radiation and toxins. (images above)
PAINTS
Many pigments we see in different colour paints were made with lead as it was pigmented when dyed. (images above)
ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMICAL IMPACTS
Evironmental & Health
When inhaled/consumed, the following sicknesses/diseases could occur due to lead poisoning
Rise in blood pressureKidney damageMiscarriagesBrain damageAggression/ Behavioral change in childrenFertility/ Sperm decline
Environmental
Lead is able to spread into the environment through cars, fuel combustion, industrial processes and solid waste contributionAccumulates in water/soil organismsLiving organisms will experince lead poisoningLead is able to pollute air, water and soil
Economical
Healthcare concerns (more hospital fees due to lead poisoning)Special education for those disabled by lead also requiredEcosystems ruined by lead + contaminated and inhabitable areas must be examined and blocked off
Hazards and Safety Precautions
Before Handling Lead, here is what you need to know:
Cannot inhaleCannot digestMust wear gloves and safety googles at all timesWhen disposing, you must seal completelyTOXIC
Facts About Lead:
Lead poisoning dates back to Ancient Greece and Ancient China, be careful!
Over 1 million tons of lead is recycled in a year
Green, white and orange are the three deadliest colours in nature. Be aware!
Works Cited (APA format)
Sites:
Metal, Asian, 2001, Lead, May 3, 2020, http://metalpedia.asianmetal.com/metal/lead/lead.shtml
^ There are multiple writers which are not specified. It is a non profit organization
Nelson, Ken. (2020). Chemistry for Kids: Elements - Lead. Ducksters. Retrieved from https://www.ducksters.com/science/chemistry/lead.php
National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Database. Lead oxide (Pb3O4), CID=22833428, https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Lead-oxide-Pb3O4 (accessed on May 4, 2020)
n/a, alex, 2011,Density of Lead [Pb], May 4, 2020, https://www.aqua-calc.com/page/density-table/substance/lead
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility - Office of Science Education, 2020, It's Elemental. (2020). Retrieved May 4, 2020, from https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele082.html
Images:
Wikepedia, May 7, 2020, Lead, May 4, 2020, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead
Stone, Sarah, February 5, 2015, Why was Lead added to Paint?, May 4, 2020,http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2015/02/lead-added-paint/
JHR (company name), 2020, FRP sulfuric acid/ ammonia storage tank made in China with high quality, May 8, 2020, https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/FRP-sulfuric-acid-ammonia-storage-tank60460773440.html
Summer, Thomas, Apr, 21, 2014,ScienceShot: Did Lead Poisoning Bring Down Ancient Rome?, May 8, 2020,https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2014/04/scienceshot-did-lead-poisoning-bring-down-ancient-rome
Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica, 2020, Lead, May 8, 2020, https://www.britannica.com/science/lead-chemical-element/Properties-of-the-element
n/a, 2020, Anglesite, Galena, May 8, 2020, https://www.irocks.com/minerals/specimen/9201
Service, Robert, April 3, 2019, To seal off dangerous lead pipes, just add electricity, May 8, 2020, https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/04/seal-dangerous-lead-pipes-just-add-electricity
Korzeniewski,Jeremy, April 13, 2010, AAA: Four million car batteries, 90 million pounds of lead recycled, May 8, 2020,https://www.autoblog.com/2010/04/13/aaa-four-million-car-batteries-90-million-pounds-of-lead-recyc/
n/a, 2011, Environmental Impacts of Mining and Smelting, May 8, 2020, http://www.okinternational.org/mining
Hemelstine, Anne-Marie, November 5, 2019, Atom Diagrams Showing Electron Shell Configurations of the Element, May 8, 2020,https://www.thoughtco.com/atoms-diagrams-electron-configurations-elements-4064658?utmsource=pinterest
Sanders, Robert, February 8, 2010, Auto exhaust linked to thickening of arteries, possible increased risk of heart attack, May 8, 2020
https://news.berkeley.edu/2010/02/08/atherosclerosisparticulates/
n/a, 2020, Lead, May 8, 2020, http://www.knowledgedoor.com/2/elements_handbook/lead.html (Unknown author)